Atrocities Associated with the Eugenics Movement :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Atrocities Associated with the Eugenics Movement Among the fears of many environmentalists is that of overpopulation. Acutely aware of the finite resources that the planet possesses and the limitations of renewable resources, there are concerns that the planet may soon reach its maximum caring capacity. Since the First Great Transition ten thousand years ago, the planet has experienced an astounding increase in population. Generations later, the planet is beginning to feel the effects of continual population expansion. Over the years, numerous methods have been proposed or adopted to ensure that the Earth will not exhaust its resources. One of the most frightening adapted solutions was the eugenics movement. As small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers adopted a sedentary lifestyle, they mastered both agriculture and animal domestication. These small settled groups quickly evolved into cities and towns that encompassed the entire globe. Today the estimated population of the world is over 6.2 million people.1 As the population has grown, it has had several deleterious effects on the Earth. These include climate changes, the spread of diseases, declining food production, deforestation, and environment pollution (particularly air pollution). As people have become more conscious of these harmful effects, they have begun to devise strategies to combat this problem. Among the suggested responses include a switch to renewable energy, a call for zero population growth, and adopting sustainable agricultural practices. The concept of eugenics was not initially intended to prevent overcrowding, however, it would later be used as a form of population control. Eugenics is the idea of improving society by breeding fitter people. Francis Galton was the first person to originate this term and was a major proponent of the concept during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The practice of eugenics was originally performed through the use of selective breeding. Eugenics was a progressive idea, driven by social perceptions. In fact, "many of its most strident advocates were socialist, who saw eugenics as enlightened state planning of reproduction."2 Fearing the degradation of society, the elite desired to prevent further social decay of the world by eliminating individuals who were considered unfit physically, mentally, or socially. In order to accomplish its goal of producing healthier people, eugenics embraced two goals. First, it attempted to improve certain heritable qualities with the human species through selective breeding. Second, it prevented other "undesirable" qualities from recurring by either restricting reproduction or through direct removal from the gene pool.

Legal Aspects

Talking about the legal aspects of healthcare administration means taking into consideration the law that governs all the transactions that are carried out within the medical field so as to protect both the medical practitioner and the patient, with a dominant motive of bringing about improved quality of life devoid of diseases. It is believed widely that knowledge and the strengthening of these legal aspects will also bring ameliorations in the field of medicine and to this end, efforts are being made to make this set of information on the legal aspects as accessible as possible by feeding them into both the electronic media such as computers, televisions, and radios among others, and print media comprising the newspapers, journals, magazines, and periodicals among others. The ninth edition of the legal aspects of health tried to fulfill this purpose by taking a historical approach to the legal aspects of health care so as to showcase the accruals that have been made through these undertakings plainly when addressing their counterparts who are the pharmacists, physicians, physical therapists, assistant physicians, imaging technicians and respiratory therapists among others. Apart from the eighth edition chapter which revised the important issues of patient safety and sought to provide self assessment in evaluating the prospects of healthcare organizations, the World Wide Search chapter sought to inculcate global awareness in health and law –related spheres. This culminated in the ‘’last chapter journey to excellence’’ which after a decade of survey introduced an exotic approach into bolstering these laws to better the medical field by bringing healthcare institutions together (Pozgar & Santucci, 2006). On the other hand, the basic concepts of insurance portend the derivative, a table which shows the financial transactions that occur between two players; the insurer and the insured, in the field of insurance. The balance between what the two should pay each other being directly proportional to the magnitude of the danger involved for both parties. Although this concept is used as a formula to calculate the â€Å"expected payoff†, it is not yet adequate since it ignores the concept of inflation. According to Durbin, (1990) this problem can be solved by â€Å"discounting payoffs by a risk less return† and â€Å"using risk –adjusted probabilities that is â€Å"risk-neutral probabilities†. When calculating the payoffs. In a case whereby the insurer fails to dissolve risks through decentralization, the standoff can be resolved by â€Å"assuming the market price to be the value which will be used to infer the risk-neutral probabilities that determines these values† Durbin maintains that workers compensation insurance differs from liability insurance since in the former it is mandatory for employers to subscribe for their employees with the major cost component of workers compensation being loss of wages. This also covers occupational injuries and diseases picked at work-the employer assumes responsibility regardless of whose fault it was. It covers against dangers ranging from injuries, diseases, rehabilitation of the employee, loss of salary, medical treatment, to death. Conversely, liability insurance is a coverage that protects against claims against the insurance holder of property damage, personal injury, and negligence. The complainants could be the employees, the repair people, delivery people who may come into contact with the business property. There are two types of liability insurance: liabilities to non-members which covers mostly under a Comprehensive General Liability (CGL) terms and to members of the firm comprising employees and partners. The CGL normally covers payments resulting from accidents, immediate medical expense as a result of the above, the attorney fee and investigation expenses and the cost of court bonds. The difference between claims made and occurrence coverage is that the latter caters for claims made and reported to the insurer while the contract remains in force. During the primordial years when the policy is being renewed, the premium increases to take into account the potentiality of claims being reported from both current and previous policy periods. The former, normally regarded as the traditional form of coverage on the other hand is used to provide professional liability insurance. It caters for injury or damage incurred during the policy period regardless of when the claims are reported. Occurrence coverage also provides long term protection for any covered claims that may arise at any time in future (Robinson & Scherlen, 2007). Reference. Durbin, D. & Borba, P. (1993).Workers compensation. United States: Kluwer Academic. Durbin, T.B. & Durbin, T.B. Jr. (1990).Group insurance: basic concepts and alternatives. United States: American College Insurance Group Pozgar, G & Santucci, N. (2006).Legal aspects of healthcare and administration. United States: James &Bartlett Publishers. Robinson, M. & Scherlen R. (2007). Drug control. United States of America (USA): State University of New York Press.   

How to Use Comments in Java Code

Java comments are notes in a Java code file that are ignored by the compiler and runtime engine. They are used to annotate the code in order to clarify its design and purpose. You can add an unlimited number of comments to a Java file, but there are some best practices to follow when using comments. Generally, code comments are implementation comments that explain the source code, such as descriptions of classes, interfaces, methods, and fields. These are usually a couple of lines written above or beside Java code to clarify what it does. Another type of Java comment is a Javadoc comment. Javadoc comments differ slightly in syntax from implementation comments and are used by the program javadoc.exe to generate Java HTML documentation. Why Use Java Comments? Its good practice to get into the habit of putting Java comments into your source code to enhance its readability and clarity for yourself and other programmers. It isnt always instantly clear what a section  of Java code is performing. A few explanatory lines can drastically reduce the amount of time it takes to understand the code. Do They Affect How the Program Runs? Implementation comments in Java code are only there for humans to read. Java compilers dont care about them and when compiling the program, they just skip over them. The size and efficiency of your compiled program will not be affected by the number of comments in your source code. Implementation Comments Implementation comments come in two different formats: Line Comments: For a one line comment, type // and follow the two forward slashes with your comment. For example: // this is a single line comment int guessNumber (int) (Math.random() * 10); When the compiler comes across the two forward slashes, it knows that everything to the right of them is to be considered as a comment. This is useful when debugging a piece of code. Just add a comment from a line of code you are debugging, and the compiler wont see it: // this is a single line comment // int guessNumber (int) (Math.random() * 10); You can also use the two forward slashes to make an end of line comment: // this is a single line comment int guessNumber (int) (Math.random() * 10); // An end of line comment Block Comments: To start a block comment, type /*. Everything between the forward slash and asterisk, even if its on a different line, is treated as a  comment until the characters */ end the comment. For example: /* this is a block comment */ /* so is this */ Javadoc Comments Use special Javadoc comments to document your Java API. Javadoc is a tool included with the JDK that generates HTML documentation from comments in source code. A Javadoc comment in  .java  source files is enclosed in start and end syntax like so:  /**  and  */. Each comment within these is prefaced with a  *.   Place these comments directly above the method, class, constructor or any other Java element that you want to document. For example: // myClass.java/** * Make this a summary sentence describing your class.* Heres another line. */public class ​myClass{...} Javadoc incorporates various tags that control how the documentation is generated. For example, the  param  tag defines parameters to a method: /** main method * param args String[] */​ public static void main(String[] args) ​{ ​ System.out.println(Hello World!);​ } Many other tags are available in Javadoc, and it also supports HTML tags to help control the output. See your Java documentation for more detail. Tips for Using Comments Dont over comment. Every line of your program does not need to be explained. If your program flows logically and nothing unexpected occurs, dont feel the need to add a comment.Indent your comments. If the line of code you are commenting is indented, make sure your comment matches the indentation.Keep comments relevant. Some programmers are excellent at modifying code, but for some reason forget to update the comments. If a comment no longer applies, then either modify or remove it.Dont nest block comments. The following will result in a compiler error: /* this is /* This block comment finishes the first comment */ a block comment */